tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89372606069088520752024-03-14T11:48:57.234-07:00V S SaxenaV S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-89928345887914708212013-09-25T02:42:00.004-07:002013-09-26T11:14:19.046-07:00Ai mere watan ke logo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“Ai Mere
Vatan Ke Logo...”</span></u></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">“Ai Mere Vatan Ke Logo, Zara
aankh mein bhar lo paani, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Jo shaheed hue hain unkee, Zara
yaad karo qurbaanee....” </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">Translation: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">O! my fellow countrymen! <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: large;">Let tears fill your eyes.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">But always remember,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">Those brave-hearts, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">Who,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">For the sake of Nation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sacrificed their lives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">This 50 years old well known patriotic song reminds of first Chinese
aggression on Indian soil in 1962. Written
by<span class="apple-converted-space"> Poet </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi_Pradeep" title="Kavi Pradeep"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pradeep</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and music composed by C. Ramachandran,
this song was performed live by Lata Mangeshkar (then 34 years old) on January
27, 1963 in a concert held at National Stadium New Delhi in the presence of the
then Prime Minister<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jawaharlal
Nehru</span></a>. The concert was organised by Govt of India in aid of families
of our brave-heart soldiers who sacrificed their lives during the<span class="apple-converted-space"> Chinese aggression on <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1962. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Behind the slogans
of <i>Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai</i>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> was taken unaware by
treacherous Chinese</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">. Our Army was not well equipped for subzero
warfare. Our soldiers were not equipped with capable armament. They had no
option but to fight <span class="apple-converted-space">in freezing temperature,</span>
with <span class="apple-converted-space">outdated weapons of WWII and winter clothing
that was insufficient for sub zero and high altitude location. </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">To help Indian Government raise funds to equip Indian Army, Indian Film
Industry organised a function in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New
Delhi</st1:place></st1:city> where Lata Mangeshkar sang this song. Moved by
the lyrics of the song, the then Prime Minister<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jawaharlal
Nehru</span></a> was observed wiping his damp eyes during the performance. The
entry tickets were priced at Rs 25, 50, 100 and 200, which, in today’s value is
approximately 30 times the value.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Though television in </span><st1:country-region style="font-family: Tahoma;" w:st="on">India</st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
started in April 1959, with an experimental telecast, through a small
transmitter in a makeshift studio in </span><st1:place style="font-family: Tahoma;" w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Delhi, i</st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">n 1963, there was no provision for live outdoor telecasting. This program was
broadcast live, by All India Radio and it was relayed by all radio stations in </span><st1:country-region style="font-family: Tahoma;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">In the touching lyrics, poet Pradeep aptly expressed his emotions after
he too was moved by the sacrifices of the ill-equipped Indian soldiers in
Sino-Indian war. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">The original song had sound of a DC-3 (Dakota) aircraft flying over the venue. So the Gramophone Company Ltd., owners of trade
mark "His Master’s Voice" gramophone records and the only recording company in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India those days</st1:place></st1:country-region>, decided
for a retake of this song in their recording studios. Lata Mangeshkar sang this
song once again at HMV’s sound studio in Mumbai. Professional quality retake of the song was released
on 78 RPM gramophone records (the only format in vogue those days). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">All the artists, technicians, musical instrument players, involved with
this song, (totaling about 175), including singer Lata Mangeshkar, music
director <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">C. Ramachandra</span>n, lyricist <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pradeep</span>,
technicians and sound recordists, did not charge for their professional performance
and rather donated additional funds to <span class="apple-converted-space">Armed Forces
</span>War Widows Fund. The Gramophone Company of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> donated entire profit
received by sale of these records, to National Defence Fund.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">This was an exemplary soul touching song that received an equally exemplary
popularity and an unusual display of heart warming patriotism by Indians.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">The song concludes as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jai Hind, Jai Hind Ki Sena<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jai Hind,
Jai Hind, Jai Hind....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fifty
years have passed by. a lot has undergone change. India has developed Nuclear capabilities, Inter Continental Ballistic Missile capability and emerged as a world power. On the other side of the fence, China too has emerged as a world power. But, unfortunately, even after 50 years, there is no change in the attitude of Chinese leaders.
Their army is still attacking our border posts, injuring and killing our
soldiers and gradually taking possession of Indian soil. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-size: large;">The most sad part is that our politicians are still chanting “Hindi Cheenee Bhai Bahi.” </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: large;">An unparalleled nonsense of highest order!</span></div>
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V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-31571342582474717052013-01-18T11:24:00.001-08:002013-05-02T11:04:55.360-07:00Was World War II a blessing for Aviation?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Note: Pictures placed below this write-up. </span></span></i></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></i></span></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">USA mobilised its human and industrial resources to achieve victory</span></b> in the two-front World War in Europe and the Pacific. The US used its air power with well planned </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">strategies, systematically</span></b>. Basically World War II
became the global arena of struggle for control of the air.
U.S. factories produced amazing numbers of fighter and bombers and
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">aviation proved crucial in tactical and
strategic roles in air battle fronts in Europe and Pacific.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This War induced technological development helped improve aircraft
design and performance. It totally recast the nature of air warfare. </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Biplanes made of </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">wood and fabric became history as they got replaced with </span></b>all-metal fighters. With
remote-controlled guns, pressurized cabins and powerful engines,
Boeing B-29 Superfortress became the most advanced bomber of its time.
Later in the war, the relentless process of technical refinement
culminated with the debut of jet engine and jet powered aircraft. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Had there been peace, all this could have taken a decade to develop. </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Boeing Aviation Hangar, </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">pened on 15 Jan 2013 </span></b></span></b></span></b>at Smithsonian Aviation Museum Washington DC </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, </span></b></span></b>has highlighted </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this significant feature in their new "Boeing Hanger" pictured below.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Artifact Highlights at </span></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Smithsonian </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Museum</span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">:</span></span></b><br />
<table style="width: 500px;"><tbody>
<tr>
<td nowrap="nowrap" width="18"></td>
<td><div align="center">
<img alt="Boeing B-29 Superfortress <em>Enola Gay</em> at the Udvar-Hazy Center" border="0" height="100" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/100/SI2004-57996_100h.jpg" />
</div>
</td>
<td><div align="center">
<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19600295000">
<img alt="Lockheed P-38 at the Udvar-Hazy Center" border="0" height="100" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/100/2004-18145_100h.jpg" />
</a></div>
</td>
<td><div align="center">
<a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19630308000">
<img alt="Aichi M6A1 Seiran at the Udvar-Hazy Center" border="0" height="100" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/100/WEB10862-2008_100h.jpg" />
</a></div>
</td>
<td><div align="center">
<img alt="Stinson L-5 Sentinel at the Udvar-Hazy Center" border="0" height="100" src="http://airandspace.si.edu/webimages/100/2004-18392_100h.jpg" />
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td nowrap="nowrap" width="18"></td>
<td class="E"><div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</span>
"<span style="color: blue;">Enola Gay" that dropped Atom Bombs in Japan on 6 Aug 1945<i><br /></i></span></div>
</td>
<td class="E"><div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;">Lockheed P-38J-10-LO<br />
Lightning</span></div>
</td>
<td class="E"><div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;">Japan's Aichi M6A1 Seiran Amphibian</span></div>
</td>
<td class="E"><div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;">USAF Stinson L-5 Sentinel. </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;">Till 1968 </span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;">this aircraft was used by Nagpur Flying Club for training pilots. During the year 1963-68, Nagpur Flying Club was hired by IAF for imparting elementary flying training to its trainee pilots (91st to 100th Pilots Training Courses) </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;">.<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">V S Saxena</span></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mumbai</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Feed back <saxenavs gmail.com="gmail.com"> </saxenavs></span></i></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-91513377019183461532013-01-10T09:23:00.001-08:002013-01-16T10:54:26.540-08:00WW II Bomber B-17 was beyond a flying tank<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZpkBsYDZIE/UO715LMxgFI/AAAAAAAAIFc/l_g5_H49OKA/s1600/b17war+hit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="481" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZpkBsYDZIE/UO715LMxgFI/AAAAAAAAIFc/l_g5_H49OKA/s640/b17war+hit.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tYFJucu9QPQ/UO718ietXMI/AAAAAAAAIFk/RJONpVNpyyc/s1600/b-17-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">It is beyond any one's imagination to expect an aircraft damaged so badly to land without any casualty or mishap. Hats-Off to the pilots and crew. </a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZpkBsYDZIE/UO715LMxgFI/AAAAAAAAIFc/l_g5_H49OKA/s1600/b17war+hit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="481" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KZpkBsYDZIE/UO715LMxgFI/AAAAAAAAIFc/l_g5_H49OKA/s640/b17war+hit.jpg" width="640" /></a> <b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">This <span style="font-family: Tahoma;">B-17 </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">aircraft, </span>of USAF not only created history but also boosted the morale of Allied Forces during WWII</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">Those interested in aviation will be able to
appreciate this breathtaking unique and unrealistic looking bombing sortie of
WW II. </span></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">It is
1st of February, 1943. World War II is on. German Messerschmidt fighters
are firing on Allied Forces' (USAF) B-17 Bomber over Tunis* dock area in Allied Territory. No one
knows that this sortie is going to become the subject of one of the most famous
photographs of World War II. <br />
</span><br />
<i><span style="color: black;">*</span></i><i><span style="color: #00b0f0;">
Located on the Northern most tip of African continent, Tunis
is capital of Tunisia.
During WW II, i</span></i>t <i><span style="color: #00b0f0;">was a
French Colony and was liberated in 1956.</span></i><br />
<br />
W<span style="color: black;">ounded pilot Lt. Kendrick R. Bragg, and co pilot of
414th Bomb Squadron are finding difficult to manage to keep the "flying
fortress" in the air as it is continuing to descend and gradually going
out of control. Another hit breaks the B-17 aircraft apart, but strong base of
the fuselage is keeping it fixed to the aircraft. Vital controls are working
but sluggishly. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Left horizontal stabilizer of B-17 and left
elevator are completely torn away. Out of 4 engines, both the right engines are
dead and one on the left has a serious oil pump leak. The vertical fin and the
rudder are damaged by enemy firing; half of the fuselage is damaged. Parts of
main frame, radios, electrical and oxygen systems are damaged. There is 16
feet long and 4 feet wide hole in the fuselage and the top gunners are without
cover.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Tail is bouncing and swaying in the wind and it
gets twisted when the plane turns. With just a single elevator
cable still working, - miraculously, the aircraft is still flying.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In an attempt to keep the tail from separating
in air and two sides of the fuselage from splitting apart, the waist and tail
gunners used parts of their parachute harnesses to tie the ends. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="ecxmsonormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">While the crew was trying to keep the bomber
from coming apart, the pilot continued on his bomb run and released his bombs
over the target.<br />
<br />
When the bomb bay doors were opened, the wind turbulence was so strong that it
blew one of the waist gunners into the broken tail section. It took several
minutes and four crew members to pass him ropes from parachutes and haul him
back into the forward part of the plane. <br />
<br />
The turn back to England
for this USAF B17 bomber had to be very slow to keep the tail from twisting and
falling off. They actually covered almost 70 miles to make the turn home. The
bomber was so badly damaged that it was losing altitude and speed and was soon
alone in the sky. For a brief time, two more Messerschmidt Me-109 German
fighters attacked this USAF aircraft. Despite the extensive damage and some
injuries to the gunners, they responded to these attacks and soon drove the
fighters off. The two waist gunners stood up with their heads sticking
out through the hole in the top of the fuselage to aim and fire their machine
guns. </span><span style="color: red;">The
extent of damage can be better understood by the fact that the tail gunner had
to shoot in short bursts, because the recoil was actually causing the plane to
turn. </span><span style="color: black;"><br />
<br />
Allied P-51 fighters intercepted the German attack as it crossed over English Channel and took one of the pictures shown above.
They also radioed to the base describing that the bomber was waving like a fish
tail and that the plane may not be able to reach base and advised to position
boats to rescue the crew when they would bail out. The fighters stayed with the
Fortress taking hand signals from Lt. Bragg and relaying them to the base. </span><span style="color: red;">Lt. Bragg signaled that 5
parachutes and the spare had been "used" so five of the crew could
not bail out. He decided that if they could not bail out safely, then he would
stay with the plane and land it. </span><span style="color: black;"><br />
<br />
Two and a half hours after being hit, the aircraft made its final turn to line
up with the runway while it was still over 40 miles away. It descended into an
emergency landing and a normal roll-out on its landing gear. <br />
<br />
No one could believe that the aircraft could still fly in such a condition. The
Fortress sat placidly until the crew all exited through the door in the
fuselage and the tail gunner had climbed down a ladder, at which time the
entire rear section of the aircraft collapsed onto the ground. The rugged old
bird had done its job.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">It also speaks high of the rugged quality of aircraft that could withstand so much of harshness. As compared to today's aircraft, where the tolerance is sacrificed to reduce weight, the new generation of aircraft may not be able to see so much of tough handling.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">V S Saxena</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Mumbai </span></span><saxenavs hotmail.com="hotmail.com"> </saxenavs></span></div>
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V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-4524471520133648712013-01-06T11:50:00.003-08:002013-01-09T09:40:02.741-08:00Why is "Liberty Bell" called so and why is it cracked?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Why is the “Liberty Bell” of Pennsylvania
called so?</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Why is it cracked? </span></u></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-96fYnMTHBRk/UOnVSuUR0yI/AAAAAAAAIFM/NB9BOlnPW2A/s1600/IMG_0703.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-96fYnMTHBRk/UOnVSuUR0yI/AAAAAAAAIFM/NB9BOlnPW2A/s400/IMG_0703.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Philadelphia</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> has history that can be felt in every
corner of the city. The museum, that houses Liberty Bell, is amongst
prominent places of tourists attraction in the US. </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> This cracked
metallic bell, which weighs about 900 KG </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;">(2000 lbs</span>), is one of the main
attractions in Philadelphia.
The Museum housing just the Liberty Bell, has records and pictures of Dollar coins and US
postage stamps released to commemorate the historically significant Liberty
Bell.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Fabricated
in Manchester, England </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;">in 1732</span>, this Jumbo Bell was
brought to Philadelphia by sea in 1733, in one piece</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;">. At that time America
was under British rule. (US got independence from Britain in 1776). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> There are no
official records to support this, but it is said <b>that during unloading, the bell
was dropped intentionally to show peoples’ anger towards cruel British rule.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Though the
bell could not be rung due to crack, it became an insignia of the American struggle
for independence. Historians mention that the <b>only day when this cracked
bell was rung, was <span class="st">on 4<sup>th</sup> July 1776, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><span class="st"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><span class="st">on proclamation of independence from British
rule</span></b></span>. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Thus the
name “Liberty Bell” became popular.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 11.0pt;">Written by V S Saxena</span></div>
</div>
V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com8Philadelphia, PA, USA39.952335 -75.16378900000000839.5631195 -75.809236000000013 40.3415505 -74.518342tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-8300831617981195262011-07-22T09:11:00.000-07:002011-07-22T09:36:47.024-07:00Cable Cars of San Francisco: A lady saved them from extinction<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tDOvamvHs8o/TimnA11cxOI/AAAAAAAAFs4/K-w1VxOKcf8/s1600/4VS%2BCable%2BCar%2BTracks.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tDOvamvHs8o/TimnA11cxOI/AAAAAAAAFs4/K-w1VxOKcf8/s320/4VS%2BCable%2BCar%2BTracks.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632216441896617186" /></a><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gfJqqFLD5Vw/TimnAvvxu8I/AAAAAAAAFsw/IAyosyVy3tQ/s1600/3Mudit%2540useum.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gfJqqFLD5Vw/TimnAvvxu8I/AAAAAAAAFsw/IAyosyVy3tQ/s320/3Mudit%2540useum.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632216440262212546" /></a><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n4AfKeH978A/TimnAidfcgI/AAAAAAAAFso/RQ43Fl7SYbk/s1600/2Cablecar%2BPwr%2BSys.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 171px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n4AfKeH978A/TimnAidfcgI/AAAAAAAAFso/RQ43Fl7SYbk/s320/2Cablecar%2BPwr%2BSys.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632216436695855618" /></a><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yoDxKzQrzG4/TimnAeUG5vI/AAAAAAAAFsg/9X--ehSUb6w/s1600/1Cable%2BCarPowerhouse.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 301px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yoDxKzQrzG4/TimnAeUG5vI/AAAAAAAAFsg/9X--ehSUb6w/s320/1Cable%2BCarPowerhouse.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5632216435582756594" /></a><br /><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-outline-level: 1;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in;mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">CABLE CARS of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city> and how in 1961, a lady leader<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-outline-level: 1;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in;mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Frieda Klussmann </span></b><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">could save them from extinction</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">CABLE CARS: A LAND MARK OF <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">SAN FRANCISCO</st1:place></st1:city></span></u></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">San Francisco</span></st1:city><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"> and its cable cars are so synonymous to each other that a set of photograph of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city> without a picture of cable car is an incomplete set.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Besides a land mark for tourist, cable cars have become a necessity for San Franciscans for daily commuting.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:1;border:none; mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">HOW CABLE CARS OF <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">SAN FRANCISCO</st1:place></st1:city> OPERATE?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Cable cars of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco operate on a system, totally </st1:place></st1:city>different from way trams operate in other cities including Indian metropolis, Kolkata.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Kolkata is the only city in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> where trams are still running. Cable cars of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city> do not have any power of their own. The system is unique and perhaps the only one of its kind in the world. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A strong steel cable runs continuously on a pully system.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Each area has a power station that rotates cables underground. The main technique lies on turns where the cables are so designed that the alignment between the car and cable remains always intact.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In the middle of pair of rail tracks they have a slot where a pole from cable car is lowered and gripped to the “always moving” cable.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Cable cars have clutch system on the grip under the rail line. This is a variable grip with a control like clutch system in automobiles. The driver engages and disengages the mechanism as per requirement of movement. This means that a cable car can run slower than the speed of cable running under the tram tracks but never faster than the speed of running cables under ground.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 19px; "> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">CABLE CAR DRIVERS</span></u></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Power to move the cable cars is applied at the main Power House but Cable cars move on action of engaging and disengaging the under ground cable with the car.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This requires quite a bit of manual muscular strength. The driver has to remain standing and use power of his legs to apply mechanical brakes and muscular power of hands for engaging or disengaging the drive cable. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Owing to limitations of inability to steer, slow acceleration and braking due to high inertia, driving a cable car is more difficult than driving any automobile. The driver has to remain standing and operate the clutch mechanism with hands. Only able bodied and well built personnel are enrolled for the post of drivers. Selection is done on the merits of physique and reflex action which are two main criterion in addition to road reflexes, sense and ability to judge the traffic passing by.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Decision to scrap the Cable Car System</span></u></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">: <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>January 28, 1947, the morning news-papers gave San Franciscans a shock as they read the news that a fleet of buses would replace Cable Cars operating on <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Powell Street</st1:address></st1:street>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>San Franciscans, who had, and still have, a strong bond and affection for their city’s cable cars, could not digest this, and that too in an almost casual manner.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The news papers informed that the most colorful transportation system in their city was to perish. Indeed the rout of <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Powell Street</st1:address></st1:street>, starting at a turntable at <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Market Street</st1:address></st1:street>, slipping past <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Union Square</st1:address></st1:street>, Creasing Nob and Russian Hills on its meandering way to the Bay, must have been, as it still is, the most colorful street rail system in the world.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Now that it was announced that the cable cars would be scrapped and their tracks dismantled, a rumble of ignition of quiet anger was heard throughout <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city>. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Mrs. Frieda Klussmann:</span></u></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"> At first, this anger remained directionless for want of a leader with energy, sentiments, dedication and intelligent sense of history. It was not long when a combination of all these qualities came forward in a person by the name of Mrs. Frieda Klussmann. San Franciscans found their leader. Mrs. Klussmann organized Citizens’ Committee to save the cable cars and campaigned against indifference and short sightedness on part of planners and decision makers. Mrs. Klussmann and her fellow followers maintained that a decision about Cable cars’ future should be made by people who use them and not by an administrative civil servants sitting in offices, most of whom had no attachment with <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma">Plebiscite:</span></u></b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma"> Against odds and disappointments, which would have discouraged a less determined person, Mrs. Klussmann’s efforts secured a place for Cable Cars on the ballot.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Fascinated by the sentimental and nostalgic struggle, entire <st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region> looked on as <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">San Francisco</st1:place></st1:city> went to a general plebiscite. An overwhelming majority said, “Save the Cable Cars.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;border:none;mso-border-alt:double windowtext 1.5pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 19px; ">This and the future generations are in debt of the “Cable Car Lady”, (as Mrs Klusmann is affectionately known) and to the timely forces which she organized.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>She not only paved path of transportation that continued to serve and delight, but also saved the city’s “International Trade Mark.”</span></p></div>V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-90029286470007162572011-07-16T12:25:00.000-07:002013-01-09T09:57:10.119-08:00Niagara Falls: Unforgettable visit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Are you planning to visit Niagara?</u></b>: If you are planning to visit Niagara Falls and you have the curiosity to know about the place you are going to visit, the information here would make your trip even more enjoyable and memorable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you have already visited, these details, which have been collected from documentary film, articles, books and write ups, would help you add more to your knowledge bank.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Niagara River</u></b><span class="apple-converted-space">, which makes <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Niagara Falls</st1:place></st1:city>, is one of the few rivers in the world that </span>flow from North to South. Also, unlike most of the rivers, which originate from mountains, this river originates from one lake and ends up in another. It flows from <st1:placetype st="on">Lake</st1:placetype> <st1:placename st="on">Eire</st1:placename> to <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">Lake</st1:placetype> <st1:placename st="on">Ontario</st1:placename></st1:place>. Both the originating and receiving lakes have half of their portion in the <st1:country-region st="on">US</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>International border between US and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> pass through the middle of both these lakes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An International Control Station, in <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>, built in 1962, regulates the flow of water in the river.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Origin of name "Niagara"</u></b><b>:</b> According to some researchers, the name "<st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>" is derived from a local native tribe, who were called "Niagagarega". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar mention is also found in French maps of late 17th century.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Tell-tale:</u></b> According to a legendary tell-tale, a witch by the name “Niga” and her cat by the name “Gura” were punished by the angry villagers. Both were put in a wooden drum and thrown from the top of water fall. On the fall, the drum did not break. On opening the drum the witch was found dead but cat survived. The tribes men started worshiping the cat and named the waterfall as “Niaaguaa”, which later changed to <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Logical Name:</u></b> According to<span class="apple-converted-space"> a thesis by Dr. </span>George R. Stewart of US, the name “<st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>” comes from an Iroquois<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>town called "Ongniaahra", which means "point of land cut in two". (Sounds logical.)</span></div>
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The river from Lake Erie to <st1:placetype st="on">Lake</st1:placetype> <st1:placename st="on">Ontario</st1:placename> is just 35 miles (56 KM) long and includes <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Niagara Falls</st1:place></st1:city> en rout. Northern ends of both the lakes fall in <st1:country-region st="on">Canada</st1:country-region> and Southern ends in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In addition to both these lakes, the border between US and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> passes through middle of the river too. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Was the fall ever frozen?:</u></b> There are a few websites showing that once in April 1911, Niagara fall was frozen when there was a record lowest temperature of -11 deg C. However, these claims are not authenticated by any official record and people have challenged the photographs as photo-shopped and misleading. As per official records of US weather office there is no record of any occasion when water in the river was ever frozen.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Drifting of falls:</u></b> A study has shown that due to soil erosion in past 120 years, <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place> falls have shifted about 11 KM backwards. After the construction of hydro-electric plants in both the countries, which are located over 5 miles away from the falls, the diversion has significantly reduced the rate of erosion.<span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><b><u>Harnessing energy from water fall:</u></b><span class="Apple-style-span"> Initial idea of harnessing the energy of water fall was not approved as this could have rightly spoiled the natural beauty of the falls. The challenge was to use the water but no </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">commercialization</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"> anywhere near the fall. None of the power houses have made use of the energy generated by free falling water at </span><st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place><span class="Apple-style-span">.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span">Both the power houses are located far from the falls. While designing the power houses, both the countries took care in designing, so that they may remain far from the falls and not cause any obstruction in the view and the natural beauty of the water falls. </span> <span class="Apple-style-span">Hydro electric generating plants of US and </span><st1:country-region st="on">Canada</st1:country-region><span class="Apple-style-span"> have built their own dams far from </span><st1:city st="on">Niagara falls</st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span"> without affecting the beauty or ecology of </span><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Niagara falls</st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-style-span">.</span> </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">On the Canadian side, the hydroelectric power station has been named after Sir Adam Beck (1857 –1925).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beck was <span class="Apple-style-span">a politician and </span><span class="Apple-style-span">a hydro-electricity advocate. Born in <st1:state st="on">Ontario</st1:state> <st1:country-region st="on">Canada</st1:country-region>, (1857) to German immigrants parents, Beck had established himself as a wealthy and influential Canadian civic leader in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></span></div>
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On the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region> side the hydroelectric power station has been named after Robert Moses <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">(1888 –1981), who is known as the "master builder" of mid-20th century. Moses has many buildings in <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state> designed by him. He is well remembered as an architect of a today’s <st1:state st="on">New York</st1:state> and is sometimes compared to</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">Baron Haussmann, a leading architect of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Paris</st1:place></st1:city>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A far sighted architect, Robert Moses changed <st1:state st="on">New York</st1:state> by building bridges, tunnels and roadways that transformed <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state> forever. His decisions favoring highways over</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">public transit</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> system </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">helped create the modern suburbs of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> “</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">Long Island”</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">and influenced a generation of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">engineers,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">architects and urban planners</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">who spread his philosophies across <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></span></div>
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In 1954, US was the first to initiate construction of power house in <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> followed in 1961.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Together, both the countries generate 4.4 Gigawatts power from <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place>. <span class="st">. (1 Gigawatt is equal to one billion watts.) </span> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">Total drop of the fall at <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place> is colossal 326 ft (99 Meters).</span></div>
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Besides several small islands, Niagara River features two large islands; <st1:city st="on">Grand Island</st1:city> and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Navy</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Goat Island<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the tiny<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:placename st="on">Luna</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype> split <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Niagara Falls</st1:place></st1:city> into its three sections, the Horseshoe fall, the Bridal Veil fall and the American Fall.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place> waterfalls are best enjoyed on viewing at night. During day time, one can see that <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s side offers better facilities and hotels which include revolving restaurant, towering hotel buildings with a view of the falls from hotel rooms. A trip on the boat “Maid of the mist” is a must to enjoy the visit to its best. The boat takes the visitors quite close to the fall. Boat trip includes a disposable rain coat.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">Since the water at Niagara flows from South to North, best view of <st1:city st="on">Niagara falls</st1:city> can be enjoyed from North i.e; <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>. One can have the most panoramic view of both the falls from <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Canada, especially at night, when </st1:place></st1:country-region>the falls are lit with colored flood lights and offer a mesmerizing view.</span></div>
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<st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place> has a small airport which offers helicopter and aircraft sight seeing rides on seat sharing basis. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">Restaurants at <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Niagara falls</st1:place></st1:city> are mostly owned by Indians and Chinese and offer choicest Indian Naan, Roti, Biryani, Matar Paneer or Chicken Curry from Hindi speaking stall owners. On asking from them I was happy to learn that Indian visitors to <st1:place st="on">Niagara</st1:place> are on the increase every year.</span></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630048259438166162" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AtR5qaUiaxI/TiHzEAweQJI/AAAAAAAAFqk/u3xugxe8hPw/s320/Raincoat%2Bfor%2BMaid%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMist.JPG" style="display: block; height: 179px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /><b><u>Above</u>: </b>Every passenger<b> </b>visiting the falls in the boat is provided a disposable raincoat.<u><br /></u><br />
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<b><u>Below</u>: </b>An "Out of the world" enchanting and breathtaking view of Niagara Falls at night.<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ob5co3cIKVU/TiHx9Bn_UdI/AAAAAAAAFqU/NRj6zU5XIww/s1600/Night%2BView.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630047039900307922" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ob5co3cIKVU/TiHx9Bn_UdI/AAAAAAAAFqU/NRj6zU5XIww/s320/Night%2BView.JPG" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0 10px 10px 0; width: 320px;" /></a>Bridal veil fall. as seen from the observation deck.<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Iic7q9C_sU8/TiHxjQUJuYI/AAAAAAAAFqM/bcfwkvADpOI/s1600/Bridal%2BVeil%2BFall.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}">Did you <img alt="" border="0" height="300" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630046597167036802" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Iic7q9C_sU8/TiHxjQUJuYI/AAAAAAAAFqM/bcfwkvADpOI/s400/Bridal%2BVeil%2BFall.JPG" style="display: block; height: 240px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" width="400" /></a><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></i><br />
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V <st1:place st="on">S Saxena</st1:place></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Mumbai</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Written on July 16, 2011.</div>
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V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-49003545607171818272011-04-20T09:48:00.000-07:002011-04-20T10:17:49.539-07:00World's first military aircraft<div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>World's first military aircraft (1909)</b></span></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><br /></b></span></i></div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/webimages/640/2005-20387_640.jpg" alt="Wright 1909 Military Flyer" /></b></span></i><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><br /></b></span></i></div><div><h2 style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:6.4pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left: 6.4pt;mso-line-height-alt:6.4pt"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" >1909 Wright Military Flyer<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2> <p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:6.4pt;margin-bottom:6.8pt;margin-left: 6.4pt;mso-line-height-alt:6.8pt"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>1909 Wright Military Flyer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was the World's first military airplane. In 1908, the U.S. Army Signal Corps ordered a two-seat observation aircraft-- one that was relatively simple to operate, could reach a speed of at least 40 miles (64 kilometers) per hour in still air, and could remain in the air for at least one hour without landing. </b></span></i></p><p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:6.4pt;margin-bottom:6.8pt;margin-left: 6.4pt;mso-line-height-alt:6.8pt"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>The Army also required that the aircraft should be easy to assemble and disassemble and be able to land safely and take off quickly. By May 1909, Orville Wright successfully met the Signal Corps's specifications with this airplane, and the military gained its wings. In 1911, the War Department of US presented Wright Military Flyer to the Smithsonian Institution.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p><p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:6.4pt;margin-bottom:6.8pt;margin-left: 6.4pt;mso-line-height-alt:6.8pt"><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; "><i><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></p><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 6.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; margin-left: 6.4pt; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b></b></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; ">From the beginning of their aeronautical work the Wright Brothers focused developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to cracking "the flying problem". W</span></span></b></span></i><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; ">right Brothers' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; "> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; ">three-axis control i.e; yaw (nose movement up and down), Pitch (nose movement left and right) and Roll (sideways wings movement left and right), which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium.</span></span></b></span></i></p><p></p><p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:6.4pt;margin-bottom:6.8pt;margin-left: 6.4pt;mso-line-height-alt:6.8pt"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b> </b></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; ">This method became standard and till date, remains standard on all types of fixed-wing aircraft including the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment:initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial; background-color:initial;background-position:initial initial;background-repeat: initial initial"></a></sup></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; "> </span></span></b></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; ">V S Saxena</span></span></b></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; ">saxenavs@gmail.com</span></span></b></span></i></p><p></p></div>V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-66382345435572552482011-02-09T05:55:00.000-08:002011-02-11T10:25:21.624-08:00Pictorial History of Aviation: Flyer1 to SpaceShipOne<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">This is a </span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">knowledge </span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">base pictorial data on milestones in Aviation. This is of interest only to those who have interest and fascination for aviation. </span></span></b></div></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; "><b style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Year by year compilation of information collected after my most desired visit to Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, </span></b><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "> <b style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Washington DC, on 8 September 2010. </span></b></div></span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; " ><b><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span">1903</span></span></span></span></div></span><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/1903wrightm.jpg" alt="1903 Wright Flyer" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><table width="500" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First successful self powered heavier than air machine to undertake sustained manned flight</u></b>. </span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> December 17, 1903</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Wright Flyer 1</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Pilot:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Orville Wright</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">----------------------------</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>1926</b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/goddardm.jpg" alt="Goddard Rockets" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First Successful Liquid-Propellant Rocket</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> March 16, 1926</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Rocket:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Goddard 1926 Liquid-Propellant Rocket</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Engineer:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Robert H. Goddard<br /></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Artifact Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>1927</b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/stlouism.jpg" alt="Spirit of St. Louis" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First Nonstop Solo Transatlantic Flight</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> May 21, 1927</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Ryan NYP "Spirit of St. Louis"</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Pilot:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Charles A. Lindbergh</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span><table width="500" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">--------------------------------------------------------------</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>1942</b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/xp59am.jpg" alt="XP-59A" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b>Milestone:</b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b> America's First Turbojet Aircraft</b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">October 1, 1942/October 2, 1942</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Bell XP-59A</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Pilot:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Robert M. Stanley/Col. Laurence C. Craigie</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">--------------------------------------------------------------<br /></span></span><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1947<br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/bellx1m.jpg" alt="Bell X-1" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First supersonic aircraft.</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> October 14, 1947</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Bell X-1 "Glamorous Glennis"</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Pilot:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Capt. Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager, USAF</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery<br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div></span></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="232" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /><b><u>1957</u></b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/sputnikm.jpg" alt="Sputnik" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone: SPUTNIK </u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>First Artificial Satellite</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="232" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> October 4, 1957</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="232" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Sputnik 1</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="232" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Mission Operated by:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> USSR</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="232" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------<br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>1958</u></b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/exp1m.jpg" alt="Explorer 1" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First Successful United States Satellite</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1958</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Explorer 1</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Operated by:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft Location: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery<br />-------------------------------------------------------------<br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>1959</u></b><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/x15m.jpg" alt="X-15" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" > First winged aircraft to achieve Mach 4, 5, & 6 and to operate at altitudes above </span><span class="Apple-style-span" >30,500 meters</span><span class="Apple-style-span" > (100,000 feet)</span></u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Test flights in 1959</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> North American X-15</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Operated By:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> NASA</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery<br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>1962</u></b></span><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/mercuryf7m.jpg" alt="Mercury Friendship 7" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone:</u></b></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u> First American to orbit the Earth.</u></b></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />February 20, 1962</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Mercury "Friendship 7"</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Astronaut:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />John H. Glenn Jr.</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">-----------------------------------------<br /><br /></span><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1962</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></span></u></b><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/apollo11m.jpg" alt="Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia"" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> First Manned Lunar Landing Mission</span></u></b></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">July 16-24, 1969</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia"</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Astronauts:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery<br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div></span><br /><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>1962</u></b></span><br /><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/mar2m.jpg" alt="Mariner 2" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />First Spacecraft to Study Another Planet</span></u></b></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />December 14, 1962</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Mariner 2</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Mission Operated by:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span><b><u>1969<br /></u></b><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSBmbd_p3Fm2UWCnRGpgAVokrSOAMcgR0V6Ux_QldpX-PTo-B0m" /><br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">March 25, 1969</span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Aircraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Boeing 747 </span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Mission Operated by:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Boeing Aircraft Company USA<br /></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><img style="text-indent: 0px !important; " src="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=8937260606908852075&postID=6638234543557255248" /><br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Largest ever aircraft to fly with largest ever number of passengers (360)</span></u></b></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; line-height: 24px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span">The first Boeing 747-100 was flown for the first time at 11:34 AM on February 9, 1969. The subsequent problems had their roots in the early days for the construction of the Boeing 747's. In the early 1970's, aircraft construction was extremely difficult as there were no super computers.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><b><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQt6RMGv2Ps8cI7QA1nBnYwOgYo65Hqrym4bAUPktnux6wWdIK6LQ" /><br /><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Boeing was under pressure to cut costs. They found that Russians (the then USSR) were most cost-effective and decided to buy few vital parts from Russia. The Russians could produce the required aluminum to the exacting specifications of the Boeing engineers and did so for the first fifteen B-474s. Then Russians suddenly realised that it was not profitable to make aluminum to the Boeing specifications and produced inferior product and sent it to USA as if meeting all the requirements. It was not until Boeing had made 686 of Boing-747 planes including the 747-200's and some 747-300's, that it realized what had been going on. Boeing knew there was a problem and designed the necessary modification to remedy the situation. Boeing was a major source of export revenues for the USA and the planes were in big demand as they were a great commercial successful. The problem was discovered in the early eighties when there were over a thousand planes flying passengers and freight all over the world. In fact, to shut down over six hundred planes would be a disaster for world commerce apart from the loss of prestige, national pride, and competition from the Europeans who were developing the now equally competitor Airbus. So the matter was not elevated and allowed the aircraft to age themselves. It is heartening to note that the specifications for 747 were designed with so much of tolerance that nothing adverse happened to the 747s of 1970s. </span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></b></span></div></div></div></div></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><br />1972<br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/moonrockm.jpg" alt="Lunar Touchrock" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /><b><u>Milestone: </u></b></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>One of a collection of rocks returned from the Apollo manned missions to the Moon.</u></b> We too touched the Moon Rock.</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1972</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Artifact:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Lunar Basalt returned by Apollo 17 Astronauts</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></span></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Artifact Location:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span><br /><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></div><br /><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1976</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/vikingm.jpg" alt="Viking Lander" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>Milestone:</u></b> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><b><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u>First Spacecraft (Viking Lander) to Operate on the Surface of Mars</u></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></b></span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> July 20, 1976</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Viking Lander</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Operated By:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Jet Propulsion Laboratory</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Spacecraft Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery<br /><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><br /></span><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">1999 </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></span></span></u></b><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="218" rowspan="5" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><center style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/99wb007.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img alt="Breitling Orbiter 3 Gondola" src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/99wb007m.jpg" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></span></center></td><td width="264" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><b><u><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> First Nonstop Flight Around The World by Balloon</span></u></b></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="264" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of Milestone:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> March 21, 1999</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="264" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Vehicle:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Breitling Orbiter 3 Gondola</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="264" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="264" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Artifact Location:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">On March 1, 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones lifted off from the Swiss alpine village of Chateau d’Oex in the Breitling Orbiter 3 balloon. On March 21, 1999. 19 Days, 21 hours and 55 minutes later, they landed in the Egyptian desert after traveling 45,755 kilometers (28,431 miles) and completing the first non-stop flight around the world in a balloon.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Pressurisation:</span></i><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Cabin pressure dropped as the balloon climbed. At 10,000 meters (33,000 feet), the cabin pressure was raised to atmospheric pressure at 3,000 meters (10,000 feet).</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Temperature:</span></span></i><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Burners maintained the cabin temperature at 15 °C.<br /></span><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Solar panels:</span></i><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> Solar panels beneath the gondola recharged the on- board lead batteries that provided electrical power.<br /><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Instrumentation:</span></span></i><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> The forward cockpit contains the controls and instruments needed to monitor and operate the aircraft and systems. The crew used satellite-based systems to communicate and navigate.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Gondola:</span></span></span></p><table style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="125" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Weight, empty:</span></td><td width="339" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">2,000 kg (4,400 lb)</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="125" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Fuel:</span></td><td width="339" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Propane</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="125" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Manufacturer:</span></td><td width="339" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Cameron Balloons, Bristol, England, 1998</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">---------------------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></tr></tbody></table></span></span></span></span></div></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><u>2004</u></span></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1-9A04837ht.jpg" alt="SpaceShipOne" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /><br /></span><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>Milestone</b>: </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">First privately developed, piloted vehicle to reach space.</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>Date of Milestone</b>:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> June 21, 2004</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>Passenger Spacecraft</b>:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> SpaceShip One</span></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><b>Artifact Location</b>:</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, National Mall building, Milestones of Flight Gallery</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "></span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Launched from its White Knight mother-ship, the rocket-powered SpaceShipOne and its pilot ascended just beyond the atmosphere, arced through space (but not into orbit), then glided safely back to Earth. The flight lasted 24 minutes, with 3 minutes of weightlessness.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">With SpaceShipOne, private enterprise crossed the threshold into human spaceflight, previously the domain of government programs. The SpaceShipOne team aimed for a simple, robust, and reliable vehicle design that could make affordable space travel and tourism possible.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span class="ecxApple-style-span" style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Records</span></span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• 100 KM (62 miles) altitude, Pilot: Mike Melvill</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></p><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><b><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; display: inline !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; display: inline !important; "><td valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline !important; "><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); display: inline !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Date of first flight : June 21,2004.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></b></span></li></ul><p></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• 102 kilometers (64 miles) altitude; by Capt.Mike Melvill, September 29, 2004.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• 112 kilometers (70 miles) altitude by Capt, Brian Binnie on 4th October 2004 </span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><b><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><div style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" valign="top" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="265" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><table width="500" cellspacing="4" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Times; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="300" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></b></span><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Unique Design Features</span></span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• Three-person vehicle for suborbital spaceflight.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• Lightweight composite structure with twin swept wing-tail booms.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• Hybrid ascent rocket, burning both solid and liquid propellants</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• Wings that pivot up (feather) for stable, safe reentry.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><em style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">• </span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><em style="text-indent: 0px !important; "></em></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie </span></em><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">, </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Scaled Composites, became the <span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><u style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">first pilots to earn FAA commercial astronaut wings</u></span>.</span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></p><p align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">SpaceShipOne, N328KF </span></span></p><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><table style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tbody style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td width="18" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_whiteknight.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_whiteknightt.jpg" alt="White Knight and SpaceShipOne" width="200" height="129" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">SpaceShipOne is carried aloft to 15 kilometers (50,000 feet) by its mothership, White Knight.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></i></span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_boost.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_boostt.jpg" alt="SpaceShipOne in Flight" width="200" height="133" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Released from White Knight, SpaceShipOne gets a rocket-powered boost into space.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_mms.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_mmst.jpg" alt="Candies Floating Inside Cockpit" width="200" height="134" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Candies float inside the cockpit during the time in space.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></i></span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_feather_binnie.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_feather_binniet.jpg" alt="SpaceShipOne Feathered Wings" width="200" height="301" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">In space, the pilot raises, or feathers, the wings as shown here, for the coasting suborbital arc and initial descent. This brakes the spacecraft for reentry into the atmosphere and getting out of control.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></i></span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_trajectory.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_trajectoryt.jpg" alt="SpaceShipOne Flight Profile" width="200" height="236" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">SpaceShipOne suborbital flight profile.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_pilots.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_pilotst.jpg" alt="Pilots Brian Binnie and Mike Melvill" width="200" height="133" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">SpaceShipOne pilots Mike Melvill (right) and Brian Binnie.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><i style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br /></i></span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_rutan_allen.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_rutan_allent.jpg" alt="Burt Rutan and Paul Allen" width="200" height="271" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Investor Paul G. Allen and designer Burt Rutan with SpaceShipOne.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "> </span></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_view.jpg" target="_blank" style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(43, 94, 165); text-decoration: none; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><img src="http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/images/ss1/ss1_viewt.jpg" alt="View from SpaceShipOne" width="200" height="150" border="0" style="text-indent: 0px !important; " /></span></a></td><td style="text-indent: 0px !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; "><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Earth from SpaceShipOne. Photo by pilot Brian Binnie.</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, san-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><em style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; ">Courtesy of Discovery Channel and Vulcan Productions Inc.</span></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="text-indent: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "></p></td></tr></tbody></table><hr style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><span style="text-indent: 0px !important; "><br />Please leave comments if you found it informative.<br /><br />V S Saxena<br /></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></b></span></div>V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-49412363054562223482011-02-02T06:36:00.000-08:002013-01-09T10:00:19.704-08:00Philadelphia: Historic Importance in brief.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on"><b>Philadelphia</b></st1:place></st1:city><b> Convention<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">The most significant event in the history of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">United States</st1:country-region></st1:place></span><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="apple-style-span">Officially known as The United</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">States Constitutional Convention, the Philadelphia Convention was held in <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Philadelphia</st1:city></st1:place> from May 25, 1787 to September 17, 1787 in this historic building. Located few miles (appx 150 miles) West of New York, <st1:city st="on">Philadelphia</st1:city> is now the capital of <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">State of United States of America</st1:placetype></st1:place>.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></o:p></span>Philadelphia Convention addressed almost all possible problems in governing the <st1:country-region st="on">United States of America</st1:country-region>, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following its independence from <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Great Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="apple-style-span"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span>Many of its proponents, chief amongst them being James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, created constitution for the new government. The delegates elected unanimously, George Washington to preside over the convention. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A</o:p>fter four months of meetings and deliberations lasting for from 14 to 18 hours a day, without any holiday, result of the convention was the Constitution of United States of America. Historians place this Convention amongst the most significant events in the history of the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. States Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention or Federal Convention or Grand Convention at <st1:city st="on">Philadelphia</st1:city> in <st1:placename st="on">Pennsylvania</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">State</st1:placetype>) was held for five months from May 25, 1787, to September 17, 1787, in this very hall at <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Philadelphia</st1:place></st1:city>. It addressed problems in governing the <st1:country-region st="on">United States of America</st1:country-region>, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Great Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Although the Convention was primarily intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than to reset the existing one or try to copy the British system. From the beginning, the one voiced opinion was not to take any guidance from the British constitution, which is world’s only unwritten constitution.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></o:p>The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the Constitution of United States, and unanimous election of George Washington on April 30, 1789, as the first President of United States of America. Thus, the Philadelphia Convention can be treated amongst the most significant events in the history of the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">V <st1:place st="on">S Saxena </st1:place></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><st1:place st="on"><u>Mumbai - India</u> </st1:place></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span"><st1:place st="on">Email: </st1:place></span>saxenavs@hotmail.com</div>
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V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-81109340515353225902011-01-29T19:15:00.001-08:002011-02-10T10:32:13.638-08:00Lecture on "Passion to Win" at IOSTL Delhi Airport 28 Jan.11<img src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT6EK2jwjI/AAAAAAAAFWA/BR7jihAmy6k/s320/01%2BIOSTL.JPG" /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT8Gb8CoOI/AAAAAAAAFWo/a3TcJXw30tk/s1600/11%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT8Gb8CoOI/AAAAAAAAFWo/a3TcJXw30tk/s320/11%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567852226845778146" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT76C3YSkI/AAAAAAAAFWg/rbE8WJWHzNc/s1600/02%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT76C3YSkI/AAAAAAAAFWg/rbE8WJWHzNc/s320/02%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567852013956909634" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT7oP7FIXI/AAAAAAAAFWY/PuIK4gDD9gQ/s1600/08%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT7oP7FIXI/AAAAAAAAFWY/PuIK4gDD9gQ/s320/08%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567851708224446834" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT7OzZBwLI/AAAAAAAAFWQ/sY9CcnEqM8Y/s1600/05%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT7OzZBwLI/AAAAAAAAFWQ/sY9CcnEqM8Y/s320/05%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567851271068696754" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT6wMCxnBI/AAAAAAAAFWI/i16EphQzaQU/s1600/02%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT6wMCxnBI/AAAAAAAAFWI/i16EphQzaQU/s320/02%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567850745110305810" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT6EK2jwjI/AAAAAAAAFWA/BR7jihAmy6k/s1600/01%2BIOSTL.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TUT6EK2jwjI/AAAAAAAAFWA/BR7jihAmy6k/s320/01%2BIOSTL.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5567849988876386866" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span">On 28th January 2011, I had the privilege of taking a day long session of lecture at Hydrant Fuel Station od Indianoil Sky Tanking Ltd.'s (IOSTL) located at Delhi airport. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">The participants were drawn from </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span">IOSTL's </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">airport field officers. These officers toil hard to ensure that </span><span class="Apple-style-span">irrespective of day or night, rain or thunder, hot winds of upto 50 degrees or chilling temperature touching freezing point, </span><span class="Apple-style-span">the aircraft at Delhi Airport, are refuelled on time, safely, with assured quality, accurate quantity, withing the stipulated short stay of the aircraft on ground. </span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">These unsung <span><span>heroes </span></span>work silently without anyone knowing the intricacies, complexities, importance and significance of their job as well as the values attached to it. Such jobs do bring in a bit of monotony,which can be eliminated by exercises like this one initiated by IOSTL's Chief Executive Officer. I won't hesitate to admire the management of IOSTL, who realised this and arranged a series of lectures to ensure that the morale of officers involved in this responsible and important job does not go down at any time.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">The 6 hours' series of lectures entitled, "Passion to win", </span><span class="Apple-style-span">were divided in 14 participative sessions as follows:</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">1. "Who am I?" makes a difference</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">2. Role of attitude in building our own personality</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">3. Communication: A presentation based on </span><span class="Apple-style-span">USAF C-130 crash. </span><span class="Apple-style-span">A practical exercise.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">4. History of aircraft refuelling from 1900 till date, including mid-air refuelling</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">5. A Video of "Mid Air refuelling" of a helicopter</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">6. History of Aviation in Pictures </span><span class="Apple-style-span">from 400 BC till date.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">7. Hydrant Refuelling System at Heathrow Airport. </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">8. A study by IAF on how </span><span class="Apple-style-span">"Human Factors" a</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">ffect performance</span><span class="Apple-style-span">. </span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">9. Select fleet of IAF</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">10. A rare video of "Cobra Maneuver by Sukhoy 30 of IAF"</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">11. How failures of control on quality of fuel can allow "Bacterial growth" in aviation fuel filters</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">12 Analyses of human errors: How, Why, & Remedy </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><span class="Apple-style-span">Most of the presentations were on Power Point, making them feel </span><span class="Apple-style-span">that their company cares for them and values </span><span class="Apple-style-span">how important their job is.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">We started with New Year Greetings, since the year had just begun, we decided to start the new year with a new chapter in our lives by shunning the negative and thinking of positives. A presentation on "Role of attitude in building our own personality" emphasised </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">on how to make our minds think positive, was most liked session. </span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">The participants were briefed before the session that </span><span class="Apple-style-span">if they did not agree on any point, or had any doubt on anything which they felt was not understood, or anything was not clear, they were at liberty to </span><span class="Apple-style-span">interrupt me any time during the session/ talk and speak up without any hesitation. The participation was very encouraging and a some doubts raised by the participants were cleared.</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">Here are a few photos that were taken at the session.</span></span></div>V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-58554116880228531562011-01-13T07:02:00.000-08:002011-01-13T07:34:57.360-08:00Safety in air starts from ground<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Below are two reflections of human errors and negligence. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >The picture below clearly states the story that this aircraft was not maintained as per required schedule. Someone somewhere took a short cut that cut the engine cowling and must have cost the airline, a fortune many many times the salary paid to that guy for his entire service.</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /><img src="http://www.il-62.ru/library/incidents/CU-T1283/cubanail3.jpg" /><br /><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >Following is a result of crew fatigue. Insufficient rest to flight crew is insisted upon all the world over, but some greedy airlines' managements think that pilots sleep in the long flights so blow two hoots and force them to fly more than stipulated hours without rest.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >In the year 1986 in Male (Maldives), an American pilot who was flying as captain of DC-8 aircraft for Maldives Airways, became my friend. He told me that he suspected beyond doubt that the earlier <i>company</i> he was working for, was involved in illegal drug smuggling. This he came to know after a few months of flying. He risked his life to get out of their clutches, leaving behind his 3 months salary arrears. </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >He used to recall his boss telling him there, "Damn it. You just keep flying. Make money. You can't ever make this much in your entire life. Keep your bloody eyes and ears open and all your traps shut." No one had courage to speak a word.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >I told him with pride, "For Indians, life is precious than money and morality more than life." </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >Following is a picture of Pilots fatigue. A heavy landing at Kabul that separated the entire front section including the cockpit from the aircraft. </span></div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><img src="http://www.payvand.com/news/09/jul/Plane-crash-Mashhad4.jpg" /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >In Aviation we always keep in mind that howsoever repetitive and boring the checks may be, they are meant to lead us to the path of safe operations in the air.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><i><span style="font-style: normal; ">V S Saxena<br />Mumbai (India)</span></i></span></div></div></div></span>V S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8937260606908852075.post-14903740659056480722010-12-22T23:50:00.000-08:002010-12-23T06:00:40.097-08:00Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, New Delhi<div style="MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TRL_Qa4EAmI/AAAAAAAAFSU/FS_B35E1EeE/s1600/IMG_2808.JPG"><img alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NwLUkwx0xrE/TRL_Qa4EAmI/AAAAAAAAFSU/FS_B35E1EeE/s400/IMG_2808.JPG" border="0" /></a> </div><div style='clear:both; text-align:CENTER'><a href='http://picasa.google.com/blogger/' target='ext'><img src='http://photos1.blogger.com/pbp.gif' alt='Posted by Picasa' style='border: 0px none ; padding: 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;' align='middle' border='0' /></a></div><br /><br />Why is the famous Gurudwara Bangla Sahib of Delhi, called by this name? <br /><br />This holy gurudwara dating back to year 1664 AD, is related to the visit of Honourable 8th Sikh Guru, Shri Guru Harkishan Sahib Ji. <br /><br />In 1664, India was ruled by last of the Moughals, King Aurangzeb. Guru Harkishan Sahib, who was only 8 years old at that time, was requested by Aurangzeb through Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur, to bless Delhi, which was reeling under the epidemic of plague. Every day people were dying of this epidemic. This place, where Gurudwara Bangla Sahib stands now, was the bunglow owned by Maharaja Jai Singh of Jaipur and that is where it’s name as Gurudwara Bangla Sahib originated. <br /><br />Youngest queen of Aurangzeb perhaps wanted to test Guru Ji’s ingenuity and confirm if this 8 year old boy, whom the Hindus and Sikhs of her regime worship like God, has any sensory perception. So, she dressed herself as a maid and went to Guru ji to offer him a sweet drink. Antaryami Guru Harkishan Das Ji recognized her at the first glimpse. He told her to sit down on the floor. Then Guru ji walked upto her and quietly sat in her lap like a child would. He asked, “Are you satisfied that I am none other than Harkishan? The queen apologized with tears in her eyes and complimented him in traditional Muslim way and left embarrassed. <br /><br />Plague was taking tolls of life every day in Delhi. King Aurangzeb was worried. Guruji washed his feet in the pond located in the bunglow and asked those who were suffering, to drink a sip. This had magical effects and those who drank the water from the tank, were cured. Those who were healthy, got protected from the disease.<br /><br />Thus, with the blessings of Shri Guru Harkishan Sahib, Delhi was freed from epidemics of plague. Maharaja Jai Singh dedicated his bunglow (spoken as “Bangla” in Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi) for making a holy Gurudwara, which is reason why this is known as Gurudwara Bangla Sahib.<br /><br /><br />V S Saxena<br />MumbaiV S Saxenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16715266109808364248noreply@blogger.com0