Pictorial History of Aviation: Flyer1 to SpaceShipOne

This is a knowledge base pictorial data on milestones in Aviation. This is of interest only to those who have interest and fascination for aviation.

Year by year compilation of information collected after my most desired visit to Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum,

Washington DC, on 8 September 2010.

1903

Milestone: First successful self powered heavier than air machine to undertake sustained manned flight.

Date of Milestone: December 17, 1903

Aircraft: Wright Flyer 1

Pilot: Orville Wright

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1926 Milestone: First Successful Liquid-Propellant Rocket

Date of Milestone: March 16, 1926

Rocket: Goddard 1926 Liquid-Propellant Rocket

Engineer: Robert H. Goddard

Artifact Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery

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1927 Milestone: First Nonstop Solo Transatlantic Flight

Date of Milestone: May 21, 1927

Aircraft: Ryan NYP "Spirit of St. Louis"

Pilot: Charles A. Lindbergh

Aircraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery

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1942 Milestone: America's First Turbojet Aircraft Date of Milestone: October 1, 1942/October 2, 1942 Aircraft: Bell XP-59A Pilot: Robert M. Stanley/Col. Laurence C. Craigie Aircraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery

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1947 Milestone: First supersonic aircraft.

Date of Milestone: October 14, 1947

Aircraft: Bell X-1 "Glamorous Glennis"

Pilot: Capt. Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager, USAF

Aircraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1957 Milestone: SPUTNIK First Artificial Satellite Date of Milestone: October 4, 1957 Spacecraft: Sputnik 1 Mission Operated by: USSR Spacecraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1958 Milestone: First Successful United States Satellite Date of Milestone: 1958 Spacecraft: Explorer 1 Operated by: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spacecraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery ------------------------------------------------------------- 1959 Milestone: First winged aircraft to achieve Mach 4, 5, & 6 and to operate at altitudes above 30,500 meters (100,000 feet) Date of Milestone: Test flights in 1959 Aircraft: North American X-15 Operated By: NASA Aircraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1962 Milestone: First American to orbit the Earth. Date of Milestone: February 20, 1962 Spacecraft: Mercury "Friendship 7" Astronaut: John H. Glenn Jr. Spacecraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight gallery ----------------------------------------- 1962 Milestone: First Manned Lunar Landing Mission Date of Milestone: July 16-24, 1969 Spacecraft: Apollo 11 Command Module "Columbia" Astronauts: Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins Aircraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1962 Milestone: First Spacecraft to Study Another Planet Date of Milestone: December 14, 1962 Spacecraft: Mariner 2 Mission Operated by: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spacecraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1969 March 25, 1969 Aircraft: Boeing 747 Mission Operated by: Boeing Aircraft Company USA Milestone: Largest ever aircraft to fly with largest ever number of passengers (360) The first Boeing 747-100 was flown for the first time at 11:34 AM on February 9, 1969. The subsequent problems had their roots in the early days for the construction of the Boeing 747's. In the early 1970's, aircraft construction was extremely difficult as there were no super computers. Boeing was under pressure to cut costs. They found that Russians (the then USSR) were most cost-effective and decided to buy few vital parts from Russia. The Russians could produce the required aluminum to the exacting specifications of the Boeing engineers and did so for the first fifteen B-474s. Then Russians suddenly realised that it was not profitable to make aluminum to the Boeing specifications and produced inferior product and sent it to USA as if meeting all the requirements. It was not until Boeing had made 686 of Boing-747 planes including the 747-200's and some 747-300's, that it realized what had been going on. Boeing knew there was a problem and designed the necessary modification to remedy the situation. Boeing was a major source of export revenues for the USA and the planes were in big demand as they were a great commercial successful. The problem was discovered in the early eighties when there were over a thousand planes flying passengers and freight all over the world. In fact, to shut down over six hundred planes would be a disaster for world commerce apart from the loss of prestige, national pride, and competition from the Europeans who were developing the now equally competitor Airbus. So the matter was not elevated and allowed the aircraft to age themselves. It is heartening to note that the specifications for 747 were designed with so much of tolerance that nothing adverse happened to the 747s of 1970s. 1972 Milestone: One of a collection of rocks returned from the Apollo manned missions to the Moon. We too touched the Moon Rock. Date of Milestone: 1972 Artifact: Lunar Basalt returned by Apollo 17 Astronauts Artifact Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1976 Milestone: First Spacecraft (Viking Lander) to Operate on the Surface of Mars Date of Milestone: July 20, 1976 Spacecraft: Viking Lander Operated By: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spacecraft Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery --------------------------------------------------------------- 1999 Milestone: First Nonstop Flight Around The World by Balloon Date of Milestone: March 21, 1999 Vehicle: Breitling Orbiter 3 Gondola Artifact Location: Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, Milestones of Flight Gallery On March 1, 1999, Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones lifted off from the Swiss alpine village of Chateau d’Oex in the Breitling Orbiter 3 balloon. On March 21, 1999. 19 Days, 21 hours and 55 minutes later, they landed in the Egyptian desert after traveling 45,755 kilometers (28,431 miles) and completing the first non-stop flight around the world in a balloon. Pressurisation: Cabin pressure dropped as the balloon climbed. At 10,000 meters (33,000 feet), the cabin pressure was raised to atmospheric pressure at 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Temperature: Burners maintained the cabin temperature at 15 °C. Solar panels: Solar panels beneath the gondola recharged the on- board lead batteries that provided electrical power. Instrumentation: The forward cockpit contains the controls and instruments needed to monitor and operate the aircraft and systems. The crew used satellite-based systems to communicate and navigate. Gondola: Weight, empty: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) Fuel: Propane Manufacturer: Cameron Balloons, Bristol, England, 1998 --------------------------------------------------------------- 2004 Milestone: First privately developed, piloted vehicle to reach space. Date of Milestone: June 21, 2004 Passenger Spacecraft: SpaceShip One Artifact Location:Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum, National Mall building, Milestones of Flight Gallery Launched from its White Knight mother-ship, the rocket-powered SpaceShipOne and its pilot ascended just beyond the atmosphere, arced through space (but not into orbit), then glided safely back to Earth. The flight lasted 24 minutes, with 3 minutes of weightlessness. With SpaceShipOne, private enterprise crossed the threshold into human spaceflight, previously the domain of government programs. The SpaceShipOne team aimed for a simple, robust, and reliable vehicle design that could make affordable space travel and tourism possible. Records • 100 KM (62 miles) altitude, Pilot: Mike Melvill Date of first flight : June 21,2004. • 102 kilometers (64 miles) altitude; by Capt.Mike Melvill, September 29, 2004. • 112 kilometers (70 miles) altitude by Capt, Brian Binnie on 4th October 2004 Unique Design Features • Three-person vehicle for suborbital spaceflight. • Lightweight composite structure with twin swept wing-tail booms. • Hybrid ascent rocket, burning both solid and liquid propellants • Wings that pivot up (feather) for stable, safe reentry. • Pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie , Scaled Composites, became the first pilots to earn FAA commercial astronaut wings. SpaceShipOne, N328KF SpaceShipOne is carried aloft to 15 kilometers (50,000 feet) by its mothership, White Knight. Released from White Knight, SpaceShipOne gets a rocket-powered boost into space. Candies float inside the cockpit during the time in space. In space, the pilot raises, or feathers, the wings as shown here, for the coasting suborbital arc and initial descent. This brakes the spacecraft for reentry into the atmosphere and getting out of control. SpaceShipOne suborbital flight profile. SpaceShipOne pilots Mike Melvill (right) and Brian Binnie. Investor Paul G. Allen and designer Burt Rutan with SpaceShipOne. Earth from SpaceShipOne. Photo by pilot Brian Binnie. Courtesy of Discovery Channel and Vulcan Productions Inc. Please leave comments if you found it informative. V S Saxena

Philadelphia: Historic Importance in brief.

Philadelphia Convention

The most significant event in the history of the United States

Officially known as The United States Constitutional Convention, the Philadelphia Convention was held in Philadelphia from May 25, 1787 to September 17, 1787 in this historic building. Located few miles (appx 150 miles) West of New York, Philadelphia is now the capital of Pennsylvania State of United States of America.

Philadelphia Convention addressed almost all possible problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following its independence from Great Britain.

Many of its proponents, chief amongst them being James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, created constitution for the new government. The delegates elected unanimously, George Washington to preside over the convention.

After four months of meetings and deliberations lasting for from 14 to 18 hours a day, without any holiday, result of the convention was the Constitution of United States of America. Historians place this Convention amongst the most significant events in the history of the United States. States Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention or Federal Convention or Grand Convention at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania State) was held for five months from May 25, 1787, to September 17, 1787, in this very hall at Philadelphia. It addressed problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was primarily intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than to reset the existing one or try to copy the British system. From the beginning, the one voiced opinion was not to take any guidance from the British constitution, which is world’s only unwritten constitution.

The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the Constitution of United States, and unanimous election of George Washington on April 30, 1789, as the first President of United States of America. Thus, the Philadelphia Convention can be treated amongst the most significant events in the history of the United States.

 

V S Saxena

Mumbai - India

Email: saxenavs@hotmail.com